Toward battery electric and hydrogen fuel cell military vehicles for land, air, and sea

A long-term solution to the climate and air pollution crises facing world today includes electrification of almost all energy obtaining that electricity from clean, renewable sources. Whereas electric alternatives exist for nearly sectors, they do not long-distance, heavy passenger aircraft, freight locomotives, or ships. Of particular note, solutions currently military combat vehicles, such as armored tanks, oceangoing vessels, rotary- fixed-wing aircraft. Some have claimed transport cannot be transitioned. This study evaluates whether land, air, sea vehicles can replaced with battery and/or hydrogen fuel cell equivalents while maintaining vehicle range, mass, volume, power- thrust-to-weight ratio characteristics, more parameters than previously evaluated. Here we show trains, boats, helicopters, prop planes, jumbo jets potential transition using identified technological advancements suggested achievable within literature. Furthermore, provide an example impact sustainability by showing transitioning United States Army could equivalent environmental improvement taking 700,000 cars off road today.